What is the most successful and diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates?

The most successful and diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates are the mammals.

Here's why:

* Diversity: Mammals boast a staggering diversity, with over 5,000 species ranging from tiny shrews to enormous whales. They occupy a wide range of habitats, from the Arctic tundra to the tropical rainforest.

* Success: Mammals have been incredibly successful in colonizing and adapting to diverse environments. They exhibit a wide range of adaptations, including:

* Endothermy: Mammals are warm-blooded, allowing them to live in a wider range of climates than cold-blooded animals.

* Hair: Provides insulation for thermoregulation and can serve as camouflage or sensory structures.

* Live birth and lactation: Allows for more efficient development and nurturing of offspring.

* Advanced brains: Mammals have complex brains, allowing for sophisticated behaviors and social interactions.

* Diverse diets: Mammals have evolved to consume a variety of foods, from insects to plants to other animals.

* Evolutionary History: Mammals have a long and fascinating evolutionary history, with a lineage dating back over 200 million years. Their evolutionary success can be attributed to their ability to adapt and thrive in a constantly changing world.

While other vertebrate groups like birds and reptiles are also highly successful and diverse, mammals hold the crown in terms of overall diversity and global distribution.