1. Abnormal shape: Antlers may be misshapen or asymmetrical, with abnormal points or branches. This can be caused by genetic factors, injuries, or nutritional deficiencies.
2. Velvet retention: Normally, the velvet covering on antlers is shed before the breeding season. However, in some cases, the velvet may be retained, either partially or completely. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, or hormonal imbalances.
3. Missing antlers: Some deer may be born without antlers, a condition known as antler agenesis. This is a genetic defect that is more common in certain deer species and populations.
4. Antler breakage: Antlers can be broken due to injuries or fighting with other deer. Broken antlers can sometimes regrow, but the new growth may be deformed or misshapen.
5. Antler burrs: Antler burrs are small, bony growths that can form at the base of the antlers. These are usually not a serious problem, but they can sometimes cause pain or discomfort to the deer.
6. Pedicle damage: The pedicles are the bony structures on the skull from which the antlers grow. Pedicle damage, such as fractures or infections, can affect antler growth and development.
7. Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients, especially minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, can affect antler growth and quality.
8. Hormonal imbalances: Abnormalities in hormone production, such as excessive or insufficient levels of testosterone or growth hormone, can disrupt antler growth and development.
These defects can have implications for the deer's survival and reproductive success, as antlers are important for defense, dominance, and attracting mates during the breeding season. It is important to note that the occurrence and severity of these defects can vary among deer species and populations.