1. Enzymatic Action: Many venoms contain enzymes that can break down vital molecules and tissues in the body. These enzymes can disrupt cellular function, cause inflammation, and lead to tissue damage. Examples of such enzymes include phospholipase A2, which damages cell membranes, and hyaluronidase, which breaks down connective tissues.
2. Neurotoxicity: Some venoms target the nervous system, causing paralysis or disrupting nerve impulses. Neurotoxic venoms can interfere with the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and even respiratory failure. Examples of neurotoxic components in venom include neurotoxins, which block nerve signals, and tetrodotoxin, which prevents the transmission of nerve impulses.
3. Cardiotoxicity: Venoms can also affect the heart and cardiovascular system. Cardiotoxic components can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart, causing arrhythmias, increased heart rate, or even heart failure. These toxins can damage heart muscle cells and interfere with the proper functioning of the heart.
4. Hemolytic Effects: Certain venoms contain substances that can destroy red blood cells, causing hemolysis. This can lead to anemia, reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and damage to vital organs. Examples of hemolytic toxins include phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase, which break down red blood cell membranes.
5. Cytotoxicity: Some venoms have a cytotoxic effect, directly damaging and killing cells. Cytotoxic toxins can disrupt the integrity of cell membranes, leading to cell death and tissue destruction. Examples of cytotoxic components include cytotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which create pores in cell membranes, causing leakage of cellular contents.
6. Allergic Reactions: In some cases, venom can trigger severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis. These reactions involve the body's immune system overreacting to the venom, releasing a flood of chemicals that can cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling, and a drop in blood pressure. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
The effects of venom and the severity of symptoms depend on the type of animal, the amount of venom injected, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxins. Some venoms can cause rapid death within minutes, while others may have a delayed onset of symptoms over hours or days. Medical attention should be sought immediately if someone is suspected of being envenomed. Treatment typically involves antivenoms, supportive care, and measures to manage specific symptoms.